Malamulo Owonjezera Zakudya Zakudya & Upangiri Wolemba

Kodi Zowonjezera Zakudya ndi Chiyani?

Zowonjezera pazakudya ndi zinthu zomwe zimawonjezeredwa kuzinthu zazakudya panthawi yonse yopanga kuti zipereke ntchito zosiyanasiyana zaukadaulo monga kununkhira, mtundu kapena kukhazikika kwa chinthucho.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa chowonjezera cha chakudya ndi chophatikizira chazakudya?

Mawu akuti 'zowonjezera' ndi 'zosakaniza' amatanthauza mbali zosiyanasiyana za chakudya, ndipo amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale uchi, shuga ndi dzira yolks zonse zili ndi ntchito yaukadaulo muzakudya zosiyanasiyana, sizimaganiziridwa ngati zowonjezera chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zozindikirika zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chakudyacho chikomeke, kapangidwe kake kapena kadyedwe kake, ndipo nthawi zambiri amadyedwa zawo. M'malo mwake, amatchulidwa ngati zosakaniza.

Kumbali inayi, zowonjezera sizimadyedwa zokha kapena zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zofunikira pazakudya. M'malo mwake, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa kapena kusunga mikhalidwe ya chakudya, nthawi zambiri popanda kuwonjezera phindu.

Zakudya zowonjezera zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Sungani kadyedwe kabwino ka chakudya
• Limbikitsani moyo wa alumali kapena sungani bwino
• Limbikitsani kukopa kwake kwa ogula pogwiritsa ntchito kakomedwe kake, mtundu kapena kapangidwe kake
• Pangani kupanga ndi kusunga chakudya kukhala chotheka

Chifukwa Chiyani Makampani Azakudya Amagwiritsa Ntchito Zowonjezera?

Ngakhale zakudya zomwe timaphika kunyumba nthawi zambiri zimadyedwa tikangokonzekera, zakudya zogulitsidwa m'masitolo ndi pa intaneti nthawi zambiri zimayenera kukhala zokhazikika komanso zokongola kwa nthawi yayitali. Zowonjezera zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga chakudya chapadziko lonse lapansi kuti zithandizire kukwaniritsa zofuna za ogula kuti zikhale zokometsera, zotetezeka komanso zatsopano. Pakuwongolera kukhazikika kwa chakudya, amathandiziranso kuchepetsa kuwononga zakudya zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukhalitsa.

Zowonjezera zakudya zingapangitse chithunzi cha mankhwala opangidwa ndi anthu ambiri. Komabe, izi sizikhala choncho nthawi zonse chifukwa zowonjezera zambiri zimachokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe, monga lecithin kuchokera ku soya ndi carrageenan kuchokera ku udzu wam'nyanja. M'malo mwake, ogula amawonjezera mwadala zowonjezera pakuphika kwawo kunyumba, monga opanga jam akuwonjezera pectin (E440) kuti awonetsetse kuti kupanikizana kumakhala bwino. Ziribe kanthu gwero lawo, chitetezo nthawi zonse chimakhala chofunikira kwambiri m'malingaliro a wowongolera povomereza kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera muzakudya.

Kukula kwa sayansi yazakudya kwapangitsa kuti pakhale kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zowonjezera pakupanga zakudya zamakono. Tsopano pali mazana azinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonjezera chakudya ndi zina zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokometsera, zonse zomwe zimayendetsedwa kuti zitetezeke kwa ogula.

M'munsimu, tikufufuza zina mwa mitundu yofala kwambiri ya zakudya zowonjezera.

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana Yazowonjezera Zakudya Ndi Kagwiritsidwe Ntchito Kake mu Zakudya

Zojambulajambula

Coloring ndi zowonjezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kubwezeretsa kapena kutulutsa mtundu wa chakudya. Zitha kukhala zachilengedwe, monga beetroot red (E162) kapena kupanga ngati tartrazine (E102).

Tartrazine ndi imodzi mwa mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusokonezeka kwa ana ena. Kafukufuku atachitika ndikulipiridwa ndi Food Standards Agency, ndikuwunikiridwa ndi European Food Safety Authority, zosintha pamalamulo owonjezera zidakhazikitsidwa kuti zakudya zomwe zilimo zikhale ndi chenjezo lodziwika bwino pankhaniyi.

Palinso zakudya zina zomwe zimafuna machenjezo monga utoto wa Azo, womwe ungayambitse ziwengo mwa anthu okhudzidwa, ndi Aspartame, zomwe zingakhale zovulaza kwa anthu omwe ali ndi phenylketonuria (PKU), matenda osowa majini.

Zoteteza

Zotetezera zimatalikitsa moyo wa alumali wa chakudya poteteza kuti zisawonongeke chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo calcium propionate (E282), yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu mkate, ndi potaziyamu sorbate (E202) yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasamba / margarine.

Antioxidants

Ma Antioxidants amalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa zakudya chifukwa cha makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Izi zikuphatikiza kupewa kununkhira kochokera muzakudya ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni amafuta ndi mafuta muzakudya pogwiritsa ntchito tocopherols (E306). Mofananamo, kugwiritsa ntchito ascorbic acid (E300) kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupewa browning mwa kuletsa zochita za okosijeni. Ascorbic acid amadziwika kwambiri ngati Vitamini C ndi ogula.

Zotsekemera

Sweeteners ndi zowonjezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga kukoma kokoma mu chakudya. Nthawi zambiri, zotsekemera zopanda thanzi monga aspartame ndi sucralose zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kukoma kokoma popanda ma calories owonjezera omwe amapezeka mu shuga komanso zotsekemera zongochokera mwachilengedwe monga uchi.

Nthawi zina zotsekemera zingapo zosapatsa thanzi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi kapena shuga kuti mumve kukoma kwinakwake kapena kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kutsekemera molumikizana.

Emulsifiers

Emulsifiers amathandiza mafuta ndi madzi kusakaniza pamodzi ndi kusunga emulsion, kuonetsetsa bata popanda kulekanitsa madzi ndi mafuta mbali mankhwala.

Emulsifiers amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu mayonesi, ayisikilimu ndi chokoleti. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo mono- ndi diglycerides wa mafuta acids (E471) ndi soya lecithin (E322), onsewa amapezeka mu ayisikilimu, zokometsera zokonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito komanso chokoleti chotentha pompopompo.

Flavour Enhancers

Zowonjezera kukoma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa kukoma komwe kulipo kwa chakudya popanda kupereka kukoma kwake (mwachitsanzo, sizimakoma chilichonse koma kumawonjezera kukoma komwe kulipo kale). Chitsanzo chodziwika kwambiri (komanso chotsutsana) ndi monosodium glutamate (MSG, E621), yomwe imapezeka mu crisps ndi Zakudyazi zokoma.

Lamulo la Zakudya Zowonjezera Zakudya ku UK

Malinga ndi malamulo owonjezera chakudya, zowonjezera zonse ziyenera kuvomerezedwa zisanagwiritsidwe ntchito ku UK. Kuti chowonjezera cha chakudya chivomerezedwe kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito, chiyenera kuonedwa ngati chopindulitsa kwa ogula. Mwachitsanzo, ngati zimawonjezera kununkhira, zimawonjezera nthawi ya shelufu kapena zimapangitsa kuti chakudyacho chikhale chabwino.

Kuwunika kwakukulu kwa malipoti asayansi ndiukadaulo kumafunikira kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo cha chowonjezera, chosowa chaukadaulo, komanso kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake sikungapangitse wogula kusokeretsedwa. Chowonjezera chilichonse chomwe chavomerezedwa chimaloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya zina komanso pamlingo wodziwikiratu.

Malamulowa amathandiza kuonetsetsa kuti zowonjezera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zomwe zimapindula ndi kukhalapo kwawo, ndipo kukhalapo kumasungidwa kuti zikhale zochepa zomwe zimafunikira kuti zitheke.

Mndandanda wazinthu zovomerezeka ndi manambala a E omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito muzakudya zalembedwa paWebusaiti ya Food Standards Agencykomanso mu EU Regulation 1333/2008 yosungidwa.

Kodi E-Number ndi chiyani?

Zowonjezera nthawi zambiri zimatchulidwa ndi manambala awo a E monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu bukhuli. Dongosolo la magawo a E-nambala lidapangidwa ngati gawo lofuna kukhala ndi mndandanda umodzi pagulu lililonse logwira ntchito lazowonjezera zomwe zili ndi 'E' yomwe ikufuna kuyimira kwa ogula kuti zowonjezera zololedwa zidasankhidwa kukhala zotetezeka ku EU. Zimazindikirika padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo International Numbering System (INS) ya Food Additives yomwe imapezeka mu Codex Alimentarius imachokera pa izi. Dongosololi lidagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba mu 1962 ngati mitundu, ndipo pambuyo pake lidagwiritsidwa ntchito mu 1964 pakuwongolera zoteteza, 1970 zama antioxidants komanso mu 1974 zopangira ma emulsifiers, stabilisers, thickeners ndi gelling agents.

Kugwirizana kwa zowonjezera izi chinali cholinga chotsatira ngati gawo loyesera kupanga Msika Wamkati ku EU. Kugwirizana kwa zowonjezera kunachitika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 komanso koyambirira mpaka pakati pa 1990s.

Kodi Muyenera Kulengeza Zowonjezera pa Zolemba Zazakudya?

Inde, ndikofunikira kuti zowonjezera pazakudya zitchulidwe pamndandanda wazomwe zili muzakudya, kaya ndi dzina lawo kapena nambala E, kuti zitsatire malamulo ophatikizira zakudya.

Cholinga cha zowonjezera kapena ntchito yake mkati mwazinthu ziyeneranso kunenedwa. Zitsanzo za ntchito zoterezi ndi ma asidi, zowongolera acidity, anti-caking agents, emulsifiers, gelling agents, humectants ndi zokweza, pakati pa ena.

Momwe Mungalembe Zowonjezera Zakudya ku UK

Kulemba ndi E-Number kapena Dzina Lowonjezera Lonse

Ngakhale malamulo owonjezera adakhazikitsidwa ndi cholinga chowonetsetsa chitetezo cha nzika, mawonekedwe awo pazakudya amatha kulepheretsa ogula omwe ali ndi mandy kuzindikira mndandanda wazinthu zazifupi, zokhala ndi zowonjezera zochepa momwe zingathere, zomwe zimakopa chidwi - lingaliro lodziwika kuti 'loyera. label'. Manambala a E-nambala adzutsa nkhawa kwambiri, pomwe ogula akufunsa chifukwa chomwe opanga 'amabisa' zomwe zili m'zakudya zawo pogwiritsa ntchito ma code, m'malo mowona ma code ngati chida chomwe chidapangidwa kuti chithandizire kuwonekera.

Ku UK, ndizofala kugwiritsa ntchito dzina lathunthu lazowonjezera palemba, chifukwa izi zimatha kuyambitsa malingaliro olakwika ochepa ndipo nthawi zambiri amakondedwa ndi ogula. Komabe, pazowonjezera zomveka komanso zosadziwika bwino, manambala a E amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zopinga za malo zitha kufuna kugwiritsa ntchito manambala a E chifukwa izi zitha kukhala zazifupi kwambiri kuposa zomwe zili ndi mayina onse.

Moyenera, chizindikirocho chikuyenera kuwonetsa zomwe ogula akudziwa. Tikupangiranso kuti mtundu ugwirizane ndi zolembedwa pazowonjezera nthawi zonse pazogulitsa zake kuti zimvetsetse bwino.

Ngati zowonjezera zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya, muyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti zimangogwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya zololedwa ndi zovomerezeka, zogwirizana ndi misika yogulitsa (monga maiko osiyanasiyana ali ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zamalamulo).

Pofuna kuthandizira kulankhulana ndi ogula kuti zowonjezera sizikhala zowopsya nthawi zonse monga momwe zimawonekera, mitundu ina yatenga zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera pamodzi ndi mawu ovomerezeka pa zolemba zawo zomwe zimachepetsa izi kukhala chinenero chodziwika bwino. Mwachitsanzo, 'Ascorbic Acid, mtundu wa Vitamini C, womwe umapezekanso mu zipatso za citrus'. Iyi ndi njira yothandiza yophunzitsira makasitomala anu, koma samalani ndikutsatira, chifukwa simukufuna kusocheretsa ogula kuti aganize kuti malonda anu ali ndi zipatso za citrus.

Momwe Mungatchulire Zowonjezera za Sulfite kwa Ogula Osagwirizana

Zowonjezera zomwe zingayambitse kusagwirizana kapena kusalolera, monga ma sulphite, ziyenera kuwonetsedwa pamndandanda wazosakaniza ngati zilipo pamwamba pa milingo yokonzedweratu ndikulengezedwa ngakhale zitagulitsidwa motayirira kapena muzakudya zomwe sizinakonzedwetu. Pa Sulfur dioxide (E220) ndi sulphites (E221 mpaka E228) ziyenera kulembedwa zikapezeka pamwamba pa 10 mg/Kg kapena 10 mg/lita. Izi zimawerengedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa sulfure dioxide mu mankhwala omalizidwa, momwe angadyedwe.

Ngati allergen ilipo muzinthu zomwe sizikunyamula mndandanda wazinthu, ndiye kuti mawu akuti 'muli' ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, pokhapokha ngati dzina la mankhwalawo likuphatikizapo allergen, zomwe ngati sulfure dioxide kapena sulphites, sizingatheke. kuti zichitike.

Ngati sulfure dioxide kapena sulfite alipo monga chosungira mu chimodzi mwa zosakaniza za chakudya, mwachitsanzo, mu maapulo mu kudzazidwa kwa chitumbuwa cha apulo, ndiye kuti kupezeka kwake monga allergen kuyenera kuwonetsedwa pa lemba la chakudya. Zofunikira zafotokozedwa mu Regulation Regulation (EU) 1169/2011, Annex II, 12, koma zotsatira za izi sizingadziwike msanga. Apa ndipamene katswiri wolemba zilembo angatsimikizire kuti chizindikiro chanu chakudya chikugwirizana.

Ndi Zakudya Ziti Zomwe Zaletsedwa ku UK?

Zina zowonjezera zakudya ndizoletsedwa ku UK chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kubweretsa zovulaza ngati zitadyedwa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ali ndi carcinogenic (monga utoto wa ku Sudan), amachititsa kuti ana azikhala otanganidwa kwambiri (monga Southampton mitundu isanu ndi umodzi) kapena amakhala ndi zotsatira zopatsa thanzi (mwachitsanzo, mavuto monga kupweteka m'mimba ndi matenda ena a m'mimba chifukwa cha mankhwala owonjezera a Olestra).

Mayiko samagwirizana nthawi zonse za chitetezo cha zowonjezera. Umu ndi mmene zilili ndi titanium dioxide, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mitundu yoyera m’mabala ena ophika buledi ndi makeke. Ndiloletsedwa ku EU, koma pambuyo poganizira, UK idaganiza zosunga malamulo.

Mu Novembala 2022, Khothi Lachilungamo ku Europe lidaletsa kugawika kwa titanium dioxide ngati carcinogen pokoka mpweya, popeza kusagwirizana kwa zomwe zapezeka ndi kawopsedwe zidadziwika. Dziko la France lidaganiza zochita apilo kuletsa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti panthawi yolemba, titanium dioxide singagwiritsidwe ntchito muzakudya ku EU ndi Northern Ireland.

Potaziyamu bromate yasonyezedwa kuti imayambitsa khansa mu nyama zina, choncho sikuloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya ku EU, UK, Canada ndi mayiko ena. Akuluakulu a US adaweruza kuti izi sizinali zoonekeratu pamene nyama anadyetsedwa mkate munali zowonjezera, kotero izo zikhoza kuwonjezeredwa mkate mu USA, kumene amachita monga cholimbitsa mtanda, ufa wothandizila mankhwala ndi chotupitsa wothandizila.

Ngati kampani igwidwa ikugulitsa zakudya zomwe zili ndi zowonjezera zoletsedwa ku UK, izi zitha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa zamalamulo. Sizingaganizidwe kuti chifukwa chowonjezera chimaloledwa m'dziko lina, chidzaloledwa ku china.

Zitsanzo zina zazakudya zomwe ndizoletsedwa ku UK zikuphatikizapo:

• Mitundu ina yazakudya (kuphatikizapo yachikasu nambala 5 ndi 6, ndi yofiira nambala 40)
• Potaziyamu bromate
• Mitundu ya Sudan
• Mankhwala ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nyama, monga kukula kwa ng'ombe.
• Brominated masamba mafuta
• Nkhuku zopangidwa ndi chlorine
• Rhodamine-B
• Azodicarbonamide
• Olestra
• Auramine

Thandizo ndi Malamulo a Zakudya Zowonjezera Zakudya ndi Kulemba

Kwa mabizinesi azakudya, ndikofunikira kuti akambirane ndi malamulo oyenerera kuti awonetsetse kuti kugwiritsa ntchito chowonjezera muzakudya zina ndikololedwa, komanso kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito mochulukira pansi pamlingo wololedwa.