Umthetho wezongezo zokutya kunye neNgcebiso yokuFakwa

Yintoni ezongezo zokutya?

Izongezo zokutya zizinto ezongezwa kwiimveliso zokutya kuyo yonke imveliso ukunika imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yetekhnoloji efana nencasa, umbala okanye uzinzo lwemveliso.

Nguwuphi umahluko phakathi kwesongezo sokutya kunye nesithako sokutya?

Amagama 'izongezo zokutya' kunye 'nezithako' abhekiselele kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yezinto ezingena ekutyeni, kwaye asebenza ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, nangona ubusi, iswekile kunye nezithungu zeqanda zonke zinomsebenzi wetekhnoloji kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo zokutya, azijongwa njengezongezo kuba ziqhelekile ukuba zizinto ezibonakalayo ezinegalelo kwincasa, ukuthungwa okanye ixabiso lesondlo sokutya, kwaye zihlala zityiwa. okwabo. Kunoko, zibizwa ngokuba zizithako.

Kwelinye icala, izongezo aziqhelekanga ukutyiwa zizodwa okanye zisetyenziswe njengezona zinto ziphambili ekutyeni. Kunoko, zisetyenziselwa ukukhulisa okanye ukulondoloza iimpawu zokutya, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokongeza isondlo.

Izongezo zokutya zingasetyenziselwa:

• Gcina umgangatho wesondlo sokutya
• Yandisa ubomi beshelufu okanye ugcine umgangatho
• Phucula umtsalane wayo kubathengi ngokwandisa incasa, umbala okanye ukuthungwa
• Yenza imveliso kunye nokugcinwa kokutya kwenzeke

Kutheni iShishini lokuTya lisebenzisa izongezo?

Ngelixa ukutya esikulungiselelayo ekhaya kudla ngokutyiwa kamsinya nje emva kokuba kulungisiwe, ukutya okuthengiswa ezivenkileni nakwi-intanethi kuhlala kufuna ukuzinza kwaye kunomtsalane ixesha elide. Izongezo zidlala indima ephambili kwimveliso yokutya yehlabathi ukunceda ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabathengi zencasa, ukhuseleko kunye nokutsha. Ngokuphucula ukuzinza kokutya, nabo banegalelo ekunciphiseni inkunkuma yokutya eyona nto ixhalabele kakhulu ukuzinza.

Izongezo zokutya zisenokwenza umfanekiso womchiza wokwenziwa kwabaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, oku akusoloko kunjalo njengoko izongezo ezininzi zisuka kwizinto ezenzeka ngokwendalo, ezifana ne-lecithin evela kwi-soy kunye ne-carrageenan evela kwi-seaweed. Ngapha koko, abathengi bongeza ngabom izongezo ekuphekeni kwabo ekhaya, njengabenzi bejam ​​bongeza i-pectin (E440) ukuqinisekisa isethi elungileyo kwijam. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba umthombo wabo, ukhuseleko luhlala lubaluleke kakhulu kwingqondo yomlawuli xa uvuma ukusetyenziswa kwezongezo ekudleni.

Uphuhliso lwenzululwazi yokutya lukhokelele ekusetyenzisweni rhoqo kwezongezo kwimveliso yokutya yanamhlanje. Ngoku kukho amakhulu ezinto ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa njengezongezo zokutya kunye nezinye ezininzi ezisetyenziswa njengeencasa, zonke zilawulwa kukhuseleko lwabathengi.

Ngezantsi, sihlola ezinye zezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zezongezo zokutya.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezongezo zokutya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo ekutyeni

Imibala

Imibala izongezo ezisetyenziselwa ukubuyisela okanye ukukhupha umbala ekutyeni. Zingaba zendalo, njenge-beetroot ebomvu (E162) okanye i-synthetic efana ne-tartrazine (E102).

I-Tartrazine yenye yemibala emithandathu edityaniswe nokuxakeka kakhulu kwabanye abantwana. Emva kokuba uphando luqhutywe kwaye luxhaswe ngemali yi-Arhente yeMigangatho yokutya, kwaye ihlaziywe yi-European Food Safety Authority, izilungiso kwimimiselo eyongezelelweyo yaziswa ukuze ifune ukutya okuquletheyo ukuthwala isilumkiso esichazwe ngokuthe ngqo kwesi siphumo.

Kukho ezinye izongezo zokutya ezifuna izilumkiso ezifana nedayi ye-Azo, enokubangela ukungezwani komzimba kubantu ababuthathaka, kunye ne-Aspartame, enokuba yingozi kubantu abane-phenylketonuria (PKU), isifo esinqabileyo sofuzo.

Izilondolozi

Izilondolozo zandisa ixesha leshelufu lokutya ngokukhusela ekuwohlokeni okubangelwa zii-microorganisms. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo ibandakanya i-calcium propionate (E282), esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwisonka, kunye ne-potassium sorbate (E202) esetyenziselwa imifuno yokusabalalisa / i-margarine.

Ii-Antioxidants

Ii-Antioxidants zithintela ukuwohloka kokutya ngenkqubo yemichiza ye-oxidation. Oku kubandakanya ukukhuselwa kwe-flavour off eyenziwa ekutya ngokuxutywa kwamafutha kunye namafutha ekudleni usebenzisa i-tocopherols (E306). Ngokufanayo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-ascorbic acid (E300) ingasetyenziselwa ukukhusela i-browning inhibiting reactions oxidative. I-Ascorbic acid ibonwa ngokubanzi njengeVithamin C ngabathengi.

Iiswiti

I-sweeteners izongezo ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza incasa eswiti ekutyeni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ii-sweeteners ezingenazo izondlo ezifana ne-aspartame kunye ne-sucralose zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa incasa eswiti ngaphandle kweekhalori ezongezelelweyo ezifumaneka kwiswekile kunye nezimuncumuncu ezivela ngokwendalo ezifana nobusi.

Ngamanye amaxesha ii-sweeteners ezininzi ezingenazo izondlo zinokusetyenziswa kunye okanye kunye neswekile ukuphumeza incasa ethile okanye ukwandisa inqanaba elipheleleyo lobumnandi be-synergistically.

Emulsifiers

I-Emulsifiers yenza ukuba ioli kunye namanzi zidibanise kunye kunye nokugcina i-emulsion, iqinisekisa ukuzinza ngaphandle kokuhlukana kwamanzi kunye neenxalenye zamanqatha kwimveliso.

I-Emulsifiers isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-mayonnaise, i-ayisikrimu kunye netshokolethi. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-mono- kunye ne-diglycerides ye-fatty acids (E471) kunye ne-soy lecithin (E322), zombini ezifumaneka kwi-ayisikrimu, i-icings ekulungele ukusetyenziswa kunye netshokolethi eshushu esheshayo.

Iziphuculi zencasa

Izixhasi zencasa zisetyenziselwa ukomeleza incasa ekhoyo yokutya ngaphandle kokubonelela ngencasa yako (okt, azinancasa nanye kodwa ziphucula incasa ekhoyo yemveliso). Umzekelo oqhelekileyo (kunye nophikisanayo) yi-monosodium glutamate (MSG, E621), efumaneka kwi-crisps kunye ne-noodle emnandi.

Umthetho wezongezo zokutya e-UK

Ngokomthetho wokongezwa kokutya, zonke izongezo kufuneka zivunywe ngaphambi kokuba zisetyenziswe e-UK. Ukuze isongezo sokutya sivunywe ukuba sisetyenziswe, kufuneka sithathwe njengenzuzo kumthengi. Umzekelo, ukuba inyusa incasa, yandisa ubomi beshelufa okanye iphucula umgangatho wokutya.

Uvavanyo olubanzi lweengxelo zenzululwazi kunye nezobuchwephesha ziyafuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lwesongezo, isidingo sobuchwepheshe, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo akuyi kubangela ukuba umthengi alahlekiswe. Isongezo ngasinye esivunyiweyo sivumelekile ukuba sisetyenziswe ekutyeni okuthile nakwinqanaba elimiselweyo.

Le mimiselo inceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba izongezo zisetyenziselwa kuphela kwiimveliso ezixhamlayo kubukho bazo, kwaye ubukho balo bugcinwa buncinci obufunekayo ukufezekisa iziphumo ezifunwayo.

Uluhlu lwezithako ezivunyiweyo kunye neenombolo ze-E ezinokusetyenziswa kwiimveliso zokutya zichazwe kwiIwebhusayithi ye-Arhente yemigangatho yokutyakunye nakwi-EU Regulation 1333/2008 egciniweyo.

Yintoni i-E-Number?

Izongezo zidla ngokubhekiswa kwiinombolo zabo ze-E njengoko kubonisiwe kuso sonke esi sikhokelo. Inkqubo yokuhlelwa kwe-E-number yenziwe njengenxalenye yokuqhuba ukuba noluhlu olulodwa kwiqela ngalinye elisebenzayo lezongezo kunye ne-'E' enenjongo yokumela kubathengi ukuba izongezo ezivumelekileyo zifakwe kuluhlu olukhuselekileyo kwi-EU. Yamkelwa kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye iNkqubo yokuBala yaMazwe ngaMazwe (INS) yezongezo zokutya efumaneka kwiCodex Alimentarius isekwe koku. Inkqubo yaqala ukusetyenziswa ngo-1962 kwimibala, kwaye emva koko yasetyenziswa ngo-1964 kumyalelo wokulondolozwa, i-1970 ye-antioxidants kunye ne-1974 ye-emulsifiers, i-stabilisers, i-thickeners kunye ne-gelling agents.

Ukulungelelaniswa kwezi zongezo kwakuyinjongo elandelayo njengenxalenye yomzamo wokudala iMarike yangaphakathi kwi-EU. Ulungelelwaniso lwezongezo lwenzeka ekupheleni koo-1980 nasekuqaleni ukuya phakathi koo-1990.

Ngaba ufuna ukubhengeza izongezo kwiiLeyibhile zokutya?

Ewe, kunyanzelekile ukuba izongezo zokutya zidweliswe kuluhlu lwezithako xa zikhoyo kwimveliso yokutya, nokuba ngamagama azo okanye ngenombolo ye-E, ukuba zithobele imimiselo yokuleyibhile esongezo sokutya.

Injongo yesongezo okanye umsebenzi kwimveliso kufuneka nayo ichazwe. Imizekelo yaloo misebenzi ziiasidi, izilawuli ze-asidi, ii-anti-caking agents, ii-emulsifiers, ii-gelling agents, ii-humectants kunye nee-raise agents, phakathi kwezinye.

Ungaleyibhile njani izongezo zokutya e-UK

Ukuleyibhela ngamaNani e-E okanye igama elipheleleyo elongezelelweyo

Nangona imimiselo yezongezo yayibekwe ngenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabemi, ukubonakala kwabo kwiilebhile zokutya kunokuthintela abathengi abane-mandy ukuba babone uluhlu olufutshane lwezithako, kunye nezongezo ezimbalwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ezinomtsalane ngakumbi - ingcamango eyaziwa ngokuba 'yicocekile. ileyibhile'. Amanani e-E aphakamise inkxalabo ethile, kunye nabathengi bebuza ukuba kutheni abavelisi 'befihla' into ekukutya kwabo ngokusebenzisa iikhowudi, kunokuba bajonge iikhowudi njengesixhobo ebesilungiselelwe ukuphucula ukungafihli.

E-UK, iyinto eqhelekileyo ukusebenzisa igama elipheleleyo lesihlomelo kwileyibhile, njengoko ezi zinokuxhokonxa iimbono ezingalunganga ezimbalwa kwaye zikhethwa ngokubanzi ngabathengi. Nangona kunjalo, kwiikhemikhali ezivakalayo kunye nezongezelelo ezingaziwayo, ii-E-numbers zihlala zisetyenziswa. Ukongeza, imiqobo yendawo ingafuna ukusetyenziswa kwee-E-numbers njengoko ezi zinokuba mfutshane kakhulu kunoogxa bazo abanamagama apheleleyo.

Ngokufanelekileyo, ileyibhile yemveliso kufuneka ibonise ukuqhelana nomthengi. Sikwacebisa ukuba ibhrendi ijongane nokuleyibhelishwa kwezongezo ngokungaguqukiyo kuyo yonke ipotifoliyo yemveliso ukuphucula ukuqonda.

Ukuba izongezo zisetyenzisiwe kwimveliso yokutya, kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba zisetyenziswa kuphela ekutyeni okuvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni kunye nezixa, ezifanelekileyo kwiimarike zokuthengisa (njengoko amazwe ahlukeneyo aneendlela ezahlukeneyo kwimimiselo).

Ukuxhasa ukunxibelelana nabathengi ukuba izongezo azisoloko zisoyika njengoko zijongeka, ezinye iibhrendi ziye zathatha ukubandakanya ulwazi olongezelelweyo malunga nezongezo kunye nesigama esisemthethweni kwiilebhile zabo ezilula ezi kulwimi oluqondwa ngakumbi. Umzekelo, 'iAscorbic Acid, uhlobo lweVithamin C, ikwafumaneka kwiziqhamo zesitrasi'. Eli licebo eliluncedo lokufundisa abathengi bakho, kodwa lumka ngokuthobela, njengoko ungafuni ukulahlekisa umthengi ukuba acinge ukuba imveliso yakho ineziqhamo zesitrasi.

Ungaleyibhelishwa njani izongezo zeSulfite kubathengi abangevayo

Izongezo ezinokuthi zibangele ukuguquguquka okanye ukunganyamezeli, njenge-sulphites, kufuneka zigxininiswe kuluhlu lwezithako ukuba zikhona ngaphezu kwamanqanaba abekwe kwangaphambili kwaye zibhengezwe naxa zithengiswa zikhululekile okanye ekutyeni okungagqitywanga. Kwi-Sulfur dioxide (E220) kunye neesulphites (E221 ukuya ku-E228) kufuneka zibhalwe xa zikhoyo ngaphezu kwe-10 mg/Kg okanye i-10 mg/litre. Oku kubalwa njengesixa sesulfure dioxide kwimveliso egqityiweyo, njengoko iya kutyiwa.

Ukuba i-allergen ikhona kwimveliso ekhululiwe ekuphatheni uluhlu lwezithako, ingxelo 'iqulethe' kufuneka isetyenziswe, ngaphandle kokuba igama lemveliso libandakanya i-allergen, kwimeko ye-sulfur dioxide okanye i-sulphites, akunakwenzeka. ukwenzeka.

Ukuba i-sulfure dioxide okanye i-sulphites ikhona njengesilondolozi kwenye yezithako zokutya, umzekelo, kwii-apula ekuzalisweni kwe-apula pie, ngoko ubukho bayo njenge-allergen kufuneka buboniswe kwileyibhile yokutya. Imfuno ichazwe kwi-Retained Regulation (EU) 1169/2011, iSihlomelo II, i-12, kodwa iziphumo zokuleyibhile zoku zisenokungabonakali ngokukhawuleza. Kulapho ingcali yokuleyibhile inokuqinisekisa ukuba ileyibhile yakho yokutya iyahambelana.

Zeziphi izongezo zokutya ezivaliweyo e-UK?

Ezinye izongezo zokutya zivaliwe e-UK ngenxa yokuba ziyakwazi ukwenza iziphumo ezinobungozi xa zidliwe. Umzekelo, ukuba i-carcinogenic (umzekelo iidayi zaseSudan), zikhokelela kuxinzelelo olukhulu ebantwaneni (umzekelo, iSouthampton imibala emithandathu) okanye zineziphumo zesondlo (umz. iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezifana nokuqaqanjelwa sisisu kunye neminye imiba yesisu ebangelwa sisongezo se-Olestra).

Amazwe awasoloko evumelana ngokhuseleko lwezongezo. Oku kunjalo nge-titanium dioxide, esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbala omhlophe kwezinye iimveliso zokubhaka nezomuncu. Ivaliwe kwi-EU, kodwa emva kokuqwalaselwa, i-UK yagqiba ekubeni igcine isemthethweni.

NgoNovemba ka-2022, iNkundla yezoBulungisa yaseYurophu yarhoxisa ukuhlelwa kwe-titanium dioxide njenge-carcinogen ngokuphefumla, njengoko ukungahambelani kwiziphumo zobuthi kuye kwaphawulwa. IFransi yagqiba ekubeni ifake isibheno sokurhoxiswa, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ngexesha lokubhalwa kwencwadi, i-titanium dioxide ayinakusetyenziswa ekutyeni kwe-EU nakuMntla Ireland.

I-Potassium bromate iboniswe ukuba ibangele umhlaza kwezinye izilwanyana, ngoko ke ayivumelekanga ukuba isetyenziswe ekutyeni kwi-EU, UK, Canada kunye nezinye iintlanga. Iziphathamandla zase-US zagweba ukuba esi siphumo asizange sibonakale xa izilwanyana zityiswa isonka esine-additive, ngoko sinokongezwa kwisonka e-USA, apho sisebenza njengesiqinisekisi sentlama, i-arhente yonyango lomgubo kunye ne-arhente enegwele.

Ukuba inkampani ibanjwe ithengisa ukutya okunezongezo ezivaliweyo e-UK, oku kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi zomthetho. Akunakucingelwa ukuba ngenxa yokuba i-additive ivunyelwe kwelinye ilizwe, iya kuvunyelwa kwelinye.

Eminye imizekelo ethile yokutya okuvaliweyo e-UK ibandakanya:

• Eminye imibala yokutya (kubandakanywa no-yellow no. 5 kunye no-6, kunye no-red no. 40)
• I-Potassium bromate
• Idayi yaseSudan
• Amachiza athile asetyenziswa kwizilwanyana, ezifana nehomoni yokukhula kwenkomo.
• Ioli yemifuno e-brominated
• Iinkukhu ezineklorini
• I-Rhodamine-B
• Azodicarbonamide
• Olestra
• IAuramine

Inkxaso ngoMthetho wezoNgezelelweyo zoKutya kunye nokuFakwa kweLebhile

Kumashishini okutya, kunyanzelekile ukuba adibane nemimiselo echaphazelekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-additives ekutyeni okuthile kuvunyelwe, kwaye kusetyenziswe ubuninzi obungaphantsi kwenqanaba eliphezulu elivunyelweyo.